Product Description

Carnosine, a dipeptide, has been found to have anti-aging activity at the cellular and animal levels. This review discusses the possible mechanisms by which carnosine exerts its antiaging effects and offers some perspectives on whether dipeptides are beneficial in humans. Possible biological activities of carnosine include scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), chelators of zinc and copper ions, and anti-glycosylation and anti-crosslinking activities. The ability of carnosine to react with harmful aldehydes such as malondialdehyde, methylglyoxal, hydroxynonenal, and acetaldehyde may also contribute to its protective function.

Physiologically, carnosine may help suppress certain complications of diabetes and the deleterious consequences of ischemia-reperfusion injury, most likely due to its antioxidant and carbonyl scavenging properties. In addition, it is more of a speculation that carnosine may also have functions including inhibition of transglutaminase, stimulation of proteolysis by affecting proteasome activity or inducing gene expression of proteases and stress proteins, and stimulation of cortical Positive regulation of hormone synthesis, stimulation of protein repair, and effects on ADP-ribose metabolic processes related to sirtuin and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) activity.

The rationale for the possible protective effect of carnosine against diabetic complications, neurodegeneration, cancer, and other aging-related pathologies is briefly discussed.

Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and related compounds homocarnosine and anserine, together with their N-acetylated products (see Figure 3.1 for structural formula), are found in mammals, birds and fish. A striking feature of these compounds is that they are often present at relatively high concentration levels (Table 3.1).

Carnosine is also associated with nervous tissue, including the brain, where carnosine is mainly concentrated in the olfactory lobe. However, human cerebrospinal fluid contains high carnosine, not carnosine.

Although carnosine was discovered more than 100 years ago, much remains to be revealed about its function; in fact carnosine and homocarnosine have been characterized as neglected and enigmatic dipeptides. Carnosine's protective effects against multiple damages mediated by discrete entities (oxygen radicals, reactive nitrogen species, glycosylating agents, harmful aldehydes, toxic metal ions), as well as improvements in aging-related conditions, have been reported. Numerous examples. Carnosine has been shown to protect a variety of cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury, such as in rat liver, kidney, heart and the brain. Carnosine has also been found to have protective activity in areas related to diabetes, osteoporosis, neurodegeneration, wound healing, and decreased vision, hearing, and immune function. Possible biochemical functions of carnosine include pH regulation, immune stimulation, wound healing agent, antioxidant, metal ion chelator, carbonyl scavenger, and antiglycosylation agent.

However, some of these biochemical functions have very different mechanisms.
 

  Part of the relationship between carnosine and anti-aging

1. Carnosine and Aging

It has been previously reported that carnosine may be an anti-aging agent. This idea was developed based on: (i) an Australian observation completed around 1990 but finally published in 1994, in which it was suggested that carnosine not only retards senescence in cultured human fibroblasts, but also by promoting rejuvenation The phenotype of aging, and (ii) a substantial study by Russian laboratories in the 1980s and 1990s on dipeptide antioxidant activity and protection against cardiac and renal ischemic lesions research . A later study showed that carnosine-containing fibroblasts protected telomeres from shortening . The anti-aging effect of carnosine was subsequently observed in accelerated aging mice and flies. Carnosine appears to be specifically associated with long-lived, post-mitotic tissues such as muscle and nerves, at least in line with the idea that dipeptides do not compromise cell survival and help ensure longevity.

2. Carnosine and the causes of aging
There is still a certain degree of controversy as to the explanation of the causes of aging. First, biogerontologists reject the idea that aging is a genetically programmed process that accompanies growth and development, since most wild animals die from predation, starvation, or disease before becoming appreciably older. Thus genetic selection specifically for programming of aging would not have any evolutionary advantage. The more general opinion is that aging is the result of a breakdown in molecular homeostasis due to the chronic effects of destabilizing forces (endogenous or exogenous) that all cells and organisms are constantly exposed to. In other words, organisms have evolved to survive long enough to replicate their genes, during which time entropy changes must be controlled or their effects removed. Therefore, these changes, which we call aging, are not thought to have evolutionary significance, but are the result of the eventual failure of longevity genes whose function is to ensure sufficient survival time for an organism to successfully replicate. There is often a correlation between the long lifespan of an organism and its ability to withstand certain external stresses such as heat or radiation, which is consistent with the previous point.

Several possible mechanisms have been proposed for the explanation of the causes of aging. These mechanisms include environmental and endogenous factors that affect an organism's ability to survive by causing genetic alterations (eg, DNA damage and telomere shortening), modifying gene expression, increasing oxidative stress, impairing energy supply, and promoting differential protein accumulation. There is evidence that carnosine may, at least in part, ameliorate these possible causes of aging.

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